The ECMA TC39 panel recently finalized the feature set for the ES2019 edition of Javascript (also referred to as ECMAScript 2019). ES2019 improves arrays, objects, strings, symbols, try/catch blocks and JSON with new or updated features.
Arrays have two new methods on their prototype: flatMap and flat. The corresponding TC39 proposal specifies that Array.prototype.flat[ depth ] "returns a new array with all sub-array elements concatenated into it recursively up to the specified depth" with depth defaulting to 1. For instance:
> ['a', ['b','c'], ['d']].flat()
["a", "b", "c", "d"]
> ['a', ['b',['c','e']], ['d']].flat()
["a", "b", ["c", "e"], "d"]
> ['a', ['b',['c','e']], ['d']].flat(2)
["a", "b", "c", "e", "d"]
> ['a', [], ['d']].flat()
["a", "d"]
The T39 proposal specifies that Array.prototype.flatMap "first maps each element using a mapping function, then flattens the result into a new array. It is identical to a map followed by a flatten of depth 1.". For instance, the following code only inserts 'a' if cond is true:
const cond = false;
const arr = flatten([
(cond ? ['a'] : []),
'b',
]);
ES2019 also specifies that Array.prototype.sort must be a stable sort, that is, elements that compare equal must remain in their original order):
> var items = [
{ name: 'John', value: 37 },
{ name: 'Edward', value: 21 },
{ name: 'Sharpe', value: 37 },
{ name: 'And', value: 45 },
{ name: 'The', value: -12 },
{ name: 'Magnetic', value: 13 },
{ name: 'Zeros', value: 37 }
];
> items.sort(function (a, b) {
return a.value - b.value;
});
0: {name: "The", value: -12}
1: {name: "Magnetic", value: 13}
2: {name: "Edward", value: 21}
3: {name: "John", value: 37}
4: {name: "Sharpe", value: 37}
5: {name: "Zeros", value: 37}
6: {name: "And", value: 45}
ES2019 adds a new static method fromEntries to Object. As the proposal states, "Object.fromEntries is proposed to perform the reverse of Object.entries: it accepts an iterable of key-value pairs and returns a new object whose own keys and corresponding values are given by those pairs":
obj = Object.fromEntries([['a', 0], ['b', 1]]);
// { a: 0, b: 1 }
Object.fromEntries simplifies object creation in some contexts. For instance:
arr = [ { name: 'Alice', age: 40 }, { name: 'Bob', age: 36 } ];
obj = Object.fromEntries(arr.map(({ name, age }) => [ name, age ]));
// {Alice: 40, Bob: 36}
map = new Map([ [ 'a', 1 ], [ 'b', 2 ], [ 'c', 3 ] ]);
obj = Object.fromEntries(map);
// {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
Strings get two new methods String.prototype.trimStart and String.prototype.trimEnd which respectively eliminates all whitespace from the beginning or end of a string:
> ' abc '.trimStart()
"abc "
> ' abc '.trimEnd()
" abc"
The Symbol Description Accessor proposal populates the Symbol prototype with a method which retrieves a symbol's description:
> const s = Symbol('The description');
> s.description
"The description"
ES2019 will allow omission of the catch binding in cases where the binding would not be used:
try {
// try to use a web feature which may not be implemented
} catch (unused) {
// fall back to a less desirable web feature with broader support
}
can now be written as:
try {
// try to use a web feature which may not be
} catch {
// fall back to a less desirable web feature with broader support
}
ES2019 finally brings about minor changes that are mostly internal:
TC39 is the committee that evolves JavaScript. Its members are companies (among others, all major browser vendors). Each proposal for an ECMAScript feature goes through the following maturity stages:
- Stage 0: Strawman
- Stage 1: Proposal
- Stage 2: Draft
- Stage 3: Candidate
- Stage 4: Finished
A feature will be included in the standard once its proposal has reached stage 4 and thus can be used safely. Browser support may however lag behind adoption of the feature in the standard. As of V8 v7.3 / Chrome 73, all of these ES2019 features are available by default.