In Agile projects, it's a common practice to visualize and share project status in “big visible charts” on a wall of the project room. Lean systems also use such devices. "Kanban," in Japanese means, loosely translated, 'card or sign'. In a Lean production system, Kanban is a method which uses standard units or lot sizes with a single card attached to each. A new card is "pulled" into the system only when the work represented by an "in progress" card is completed..
In this paper, I explore visualization methods found widely in agile projects these days, and then propose using Kanban Boards to organize three viewpoints (Time, Task, and Team) so that the whole team understands the current status of the project and can work in an autonomous, motivated and collaborative manner. Finally, I introduce a software tool “TRICHORD” that implements Kanban Boards to realize project visualization from the three viewpoints.
Visualization in Agile Projects
XP has a practice called “informative workspace” where you can see how the project is going on at a glance [Beck05]. A primitive way of doing this is just putting story cards or task cards on the wall. Other graphs and charts on the wall are sometimes called “information radiators” [Cockburn01] or “Visible Big Charts” [Jeffries04] and have become very common in today’s agile project room facilitaties. Below, I show examples of the visualizations found in agile teams in Japan.
The first example in Figure 1 is a Task Kanban Board named after the “Just-In-Time” (JIT) production method used in the TPS (Toyota Production System) [Poppendieck03, 07].
Figure 1: Task Kanban Board
A Kanban means a ticket describing a task to do. In TPS, it is used to realize Just-In-Time “pull” production control. In Figure 1, a Kanban Board shows the current status of all the tasks to be done within this iteration. The tasks are represented by cards (Post-It Notes), and the statuses are presented by areas on the board separated and labeled ToDo, Doing, and Done. This Kanban Board helps the team understand how they are doing well as well as what to do next and makes the team self-directing.
Figure 2 is another type of Kanban Board, called “Feature Kanban Board”. (Highsmith just calls this a “Feature Card Whiteboard Layout”, but I categorize it as a Kanban Board. [Highsmith04]
Figure 2: Feature Kanban Board
The horizontal axis of this chart is a timeline and vertical areas in the timeline represent releases and each card posted to the areas represents one feature that will be implemented in the release. Contrary to the first example which is usually used within the development team, this Feature Kanban provides a high-level overview of the product’s road map so it should be shared with the whole extended team, including customers, marketing staff and management.
Also, the “Parking Lot Chart” in Figure 3 is used to provide a top-level digested summary of project status (not to be confused with a “Parking Lot List,” a tool facilitators use to capture unresolved issues). It is first described in Feature Driven Development (FDD) [Palmer02], and is widely used in agile projects today. It is sometimes also called a “Project Dashboard”.
Figure 3: Parking Lot Chart
Another type of visualization in Figure 4 is called a Burndown Chart.
Figure 4: Burndown Chart
It is first described in Scrum [Schwaber01] to show the remaining backlog, and has now spread to most agile projects [Cockburn04], [Cohn05]. It captures the current status as well as the rate of progress of completing the remaining tasks.
The last interesting visualization in Figure 5 is called Niko-niko Calendar (or Smiley Calendar), a Japanese creation, showing team member’s mood for each day. Everyone puts a smiley mark onto their own calendar after the day’s work, before leaving the team room [Sakata06]. It looks at the project from the viewpoint of member’s mental health and motivation.
Figure 5: Niko-niko Calendar (or Smiley Calendar)
Kanban Board as Main Information Radiator
To summarize, the visualization tools mentioned are:
- Kanban Boards. Use a card as a token (Kanban) of a task, story, feature and stick them to a timeline (board). There are several levels of granularities.
- Burndown Charts. Count the number of Kanbans (backlog tasks) and track it in a timebox to show the trend of work accomplished. There are also several levels of granularities.
- Parking lot Charts. Summarize the top-level project status.
- Calendars. Other than Niko-niko calendars, there are a lot of variations of using calendars to show project status or plan.
Note that between Kanban Boards, Burndown Charts, and Parking Lot Charts, Kanban Boards have the most detailed information. Burndown Charts and Parking Lot Charts can be drawn using the information of daily changing Kanban Boards. So hereafter I’ll discuss Kanban Boards as the main information radiators, and Burndown Charts and Parking lot Charts as sub-tool which summarize Kanbans visually.
Organizing Kanbans from Three Viewpoints
Looking closely at Kanban Boards, you can find three things expressed on them – time, task, and team. Here I try to organize Kanbans from these three viewpoints.
Figure 6 Breakdown of Time and Task
1. Time
In agile projects, time of a project is first broken into “Releases” and each release into “Iterations”, and each iteration into “Days”.
- A release is typically 1- to 6-months long and is the most coarse-grained timebox. It is a sync point of the whole team so everyone in the whole team should be interested in it.
- An iteration is the second level timebox. It is typically 1- to 4-week long and development teams use it as a major working, tracking and improvement cycle.
- And every day is the most fine-grained timebox, the team gets together in a stand-up meeting to share project status and problems.
2. Task
There are also three levels of granularity for Tasks. Here I call the top level “Features” and each feature is broken down into “Stories”, and each story into the lowest level “Tasks”.
- A Feature is a function useful and meaningful to users.
- A Story is a testable piece of a Feature, also described in the words of users.
- And a Task is a work unit of a Story, commonly described in terms used by developers.
3.Team
A project team consists of people working toward the same goal. Typically, a manager, customers, developers, business analysts, users, testers and other stakeholders should be members of the team. The whole team should share information on time and tasks to achieve the project goal.
Kanban Board Maps Task to Time
for the Team
Here I’d like to define a Kanban Board as a mapping between tasks and time for the team. Note that “time” and “task” both have a three-level breakdown structure, and the higher the breakdown levels are, the higher the level of management that should be involved with it. So, it is reasonable to set up Kanbans in combination of Release-Feature, Iteration-Story and Daily-Task as shown in Table 1, although there are many possible other combinations of time and task.
Table 1 Kanban combination of Time and Task
A “Feature Kanban” is good at giving the whole team a high-level view of the project. And it goes with a Parking Lot Chart to show the top level status.
A “Story Kanban” is at the middle level, the most widely and carefully seen in each iteration by the team, and it may be supported by an iteration Burndown Chart.
A “Task Kanban” is at the lowest level, showing the current changing status daily, which may be supported by a daily Burndown Chart.
Figure 7: Overview –
Three viewpoints and Kanban Board as a mapping of Task to Time
TRICHORD
We have been developing an agile project management tool named “TRICHORD.” TRI refers to the three viewpoints (Time, Task, and Team) and CHORD means harmony.
It operates as a workplace to share project status across the whole team, providing the three levels of Kanban Boards – Feature Kanban (Release-Feature), Story Kanban (Story-Iteration), and Task Kanban (Daily-Task) – as described in Table 1. A Feature Kanban is supported by a Parking Lot Chart, Story and Task Kanbans are supported by Burndown Charts.
Figure 8 TRICHORD (Kanban Boards with Burndown Charts, Parking Lots)
In addition, TRICHORD has a Niko-Niko Calendar service to share the team's mood. It also works as a simple “twitter”-like SNS communication center in the projects.
Figure 9 TRICHORD Niko-Niko Calendar
TRICHORD is implemented on the Eclipse RCP (Rich Client Platform), and optionally works with Trac (issue tracking system).
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Mary Poppendieck, who reviewed this paper thoroughly and provided lots of advice and suggestions.
References
[Sakata06] Akira Sakata, “Niko-niko calendar”, 2006
http://www.geocities.jp/nikonikocalendar/index_en.html
[Beck05] Kent Beck, “Extreme Programming Explained 2nd “, 2005 Addison-Wesley
“Informative workspace” is a practice of XP.
[Cockburn01] Alistair Cockburn, “Agile Software Development”, 2001 Addison-Wesley
The word “information radiator” is first used.
[Cockburn04] Alistair Cockburn, “Crystal Clear”, 2004 Addison-Wesley
“Burndown/up chart” is discussed as a powerful technique.
[Cohn05] Mike Cohn, “Agile Estimating and Planning”, 2005 Prentice Hall
“Burndown chart” is most deeply discussed.
[Jeffries04] Ron Jeffries, "Big Visible Chart", 2004
http://www.xprogramming.com/xpmag/BigVisibleCharts.htm
[Poppendieck03] Mary and Tom Poppendieck, “Lean Software Development”, 2003 Addison-Wesley
[Poppendieck07] Mary and Tom Poppendieck, “Implementing Lean Software Development”, 2006 Addison-Wesley
Explains Kanban in TPS and how it works as a pull process mechanism.
[Schwaber01] Ken Schwaber, et al. “Agile Software Development with SCRUM”, 2001 Prentice Hall
[Highsmith04] Jim Highsmith, “Agile Project Management”, 2004 Addison-Wesley
Here, Feature Kanban is called Feature breakdown structure and feature planning on whiteboard.
[Palmer02] Stephen R. Palmer et al., Practical Guide to Feature-Driven Development, 2002, Prentice Hall
First introduced Parking Lot Chart
About the Author
Kenji Hiranable is the CEO of Change Vision, Inc. He is the creator of JUDE, a UML and MindMap editor software, and has translated the books Lean Software Development, XP Installed, Agile Project Management, and other XP/Agile books into Japanese. Kenji thinks of software development as a form of communication game, and is always searching for better ways that makes it more productive, collaborative, and fun. Further information on TRICHORD is available at trichord.change-vision.com .